Etiología de la hipertensión prta: primera parte / Etiology of prta hypertension: part one

Un obstáculo al flujo venoso porta con aumento de la resistencia periférica puede presentarse en una gran diversidad de entidades patológicas y a través de diferentes mecanismos fisiopatógenos. Cuando el hígado recibe un caudal mayor del habitual se desencadena una serie de mecanismos adaptativos entre los cuales está el de vasoconstricción por estimulación simpática. La causa más frecuente de obstrucción intraluminal es la trombosis. Una serie de alteraciones estructurales que deforman la anatomía de la red venosa puede ser causa de hipertensión porta (HTP). Independientemente de la causa de la cirrosis el resultado final en la arquitectura hepática es la disorsión del lobulillo por el depósito de tejido fibroso y la regeneración de los hepatocitos. Algunos procesos mieloproliferativos como son las leucemias y los linfomas, las histiocitosis X, la sarcaidosis, la hepatitis crónica, etcétera, pueden causar HTP. En los niños los tumores hepáticos suelen expresarse clínicamente por masas palpables.

One obstacle to portal venous flow with increased peripheral resistance may occur in a variety of pathological conditions and through different pathophysiologic mechanisms. When the liver is a higher flow rate than usual triggers a series of adaptive mechanisms among which is the vasoconstriction by sympathetic stimulation. The most common cause of intraluminal obstruction is thrombosis. A series of structural changes that distort the anatomy of the venous network may cause pulmonary hypertension. Regardless of the cause of cirrhosis, the final result in the hepatic architecture of the lobule is distortion by deposition of fibrous tissue and regeneration of h e p a t o c y t e s . S ome p r o c e s s e s s u c h a s myeloproliferative leukemia and lymphomas, histiocytosis X, sarcaidosis, chronic hepatitis, etc. can cause portal hypertension. In children liver tumors are often expressed clinically as palpable masses.

New concept in histopathological grading and staging of chronic hepatitis C infection at Sharkia Governorate, Egypt

In this study, the Knodell histology activity index and the semi- quantitative reproducible description of the various morphological lesions of chronic hepatitis were applied on 109 liver biopsies taken from Egyptian patients infected with hepatitis C virus [HCV]. It was found that the presented histopathological features may be unusual for any of the known scoring systems. Therefore, a new system was suggested for grading and staging of liver diseases in Egyptian patients infected with HCV. Accordingly, the degrees of necro- inflammations are classified into 3 grades [1-3] and the progression of fibrosis is classified into 3 stages [1-3]. The reduced numbers of grades and stages proposed in this study may be attributed to the rapid course among Egyptians who differ in the environmental circumstances

Ultrastructure of Chronic Liver Diseases: The Cytoskeleton of the Hepatocyte / 대한간학회지

No abstract available.

New Scoring Systems for Severity Outcome of Liver Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Issues Concerning The Child-Turcotte-Pugh Score and The Model of End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) Score / 대한간학회지

It has been approximately 30 years since Child-Turcotte-Pugh score has been used as a predictor of mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recently, new prognostic models such as Model for End-Stage Liver disease (MELD), Short- and Long-term Prognostic Indices (STPI and LTPI), Rockall score, and Emory score were proposed for predicting survival in patients with liver cirrhosis treated by transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). In MELD scoring, three independent variables which showed a wide range of results including serum creatinine, serum bilirubin and international normalization ratio (INR) of prothrombin time were evaluated in log(e) scale in comparison with simply categorized-into-three scoring system of Child-Turcotte-Pugh. The etiology of liver cirrhosis was applied to the score of MELD: alcoholic or cholestatic, 0; viral or others, 1. Concurrent statistic (C-statistic) of MELD (0.73-0.84) was slightly superior or insignificantly different to that (0.67-0.809) of Child-Turcotte-Pugh score. In February 2002, UNOS status 2a and 2b were replaced with MELD score for priority allocation of liver transplantation. MELD score does not reflect the severity of patients with HCC or metabolic disorders. For assessing prognosis in patients with liver cirrhosis or HCC, there seems little reason to replace the well established Child-Turcotte-Pugh score. Herein the literatures was briefly reviewed.

Valoración del pronóstico vital en la cirrosis hepática: de la clasificación de Child al índice MELD / Life prognosis in hepatic cirrhosis: from Child classification to MELD index

La predicción del pronóstico vital en la cirrosis es un tópico de importancia creciente dada la necesidad de decidir respecto al momento de indicar un trasplante hepático, realizar procedimientos quirúrgicos de envergadura o instaurar terapias de alto costo en el paciente cirrótico. Este artículo revisa los aspectos más relevantes de las herramientas disponibles para valorar la sobrevida de pacientes con cirrosis incluyendo la clasificación de Child-Turcotte-Pugh y el nuevo índice MELD (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease). Aunque es difícil hacer recomendaciones definitivas, el análisis de la literatura disponible permite afirmar que la situación clínicas específica es la que determina cuál es el instrumento más útil para estimar la sobrevida a corto plazo de un paciente específico

Hepatopulmonary Syndrome in Poorly Compensated Postnecrotic Liver Cirrhosis by Hepatitis B Virus in Korea

BACKGROUND: Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) refers to the association of hypoxemia, intrapulmonary shunting and chronic liver disease. But there is no clear data about the prevalence of HPS in postnecrotic liver cirrhosis by hepatitis B virus(HBV), the most common cause of liver disease in Korea. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of HPS in poorly compensated postnecrotic liver cirrhosis by HBV, and the correlation of the hepatopulmonary syndrome with clinical aspects of postnecrotic liver cirrhosis by HBV. METHODS: Thirty-five patients underwent pulmonary function test, arterial blood gas analysis and contrast-enhanced echocadiography. All patients were diagnosed as HBV-induced Child class C liver cirrhosis and had no evidence of intrinsic cardiopulmonary disease. RESULTS: Intrapulmonary shunt was detected in 6/35 (17.1%) by contrast- enhanced echocariography. Two of six patients with intrahepatic shunts had significant hypoxemia (PaO2 < 70 mmHg) and four showed increased alveolar- arterial oxygen gradient over 20 mmHg. Only cyanosis could reliably distinguish between shunt positive and negative patients. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of intrapulmonary shunt in poorly compensated postnecrotic liver cirrhosis by HBV was 17.1% and the frequency of hepatopulmonary syndrome was relatively low (5.7%). 'Subclinical' hepatopulmonary syndrome (echocardiographically postive intrapulmonary shunt but without profound hypoxemia) exists in 11.4% of cases with poorly compensated postnecrotic liver cirrhosis by HBV. Cyanosis is the only reliable clinical indicator of HPS of HBV- induced poorly compensated liver cirrhosis. Further studies are required to determine if the prevalence and clinical manifestations of HPS varies with etiology or with geographical and racial differences.

Avaliação dos hormônios tireóideos e sua relação com a função gonadal na cirrose hepática / Thyroid hormone evaluation and its relation to gonadal function in hepatic cirrhosis

Os testes tireóideos estão frequentemente alterados nas hepatopatias em consequência de alteração nas proteinas carreadoras do hormônio tireóideo. Neste estudo, foram determinadas as concentrações de T3 e T4 totais e TSH em pacientes cirróticos, as quais foram correlacionadas com a gravidade da hepatopatia e a presença de hipogonadismo secundário à cirrose...

Protoporfiria eritropoyética como complicación de cirrosis hepática

Describimos el caso de un paciente con protoporfiria eritropoyética, quien presentó como complicación compromiso hepático que evolucionó a cirrosis con síndrome de hipertensión portal. El diagnóstico se confirmó mediante biopsia hepática. Se inicó tratamiento para las complicaciones de cirrosis hepática, adicionalmente colestiramina, protector solar y beta carotenos. En la actualidad, después de 22 meses de seguimiento presentan mayor colestasis, aunque los demás parámetros han permanecido estables

Encefalopatía hepática

Mental deterioration in patients with fulminant hepatitis is a poor prognosis sign. Patients in stages III or IV with stupor or coma have cerebral edema. The increase in cerebral fluid eventually leads to endocraneal hypertension. Brain edema is not the cause of encephalopathy, only when the structures are displaced or intracraneal pressure increases, pupilary abnormalities, abnormal caloric reflexes and myoclonic seizures appears. Significant elevation of intracraneal pressure can be asymptomatic leading to temporal lobe herniation and death. Liver transplantation has changed the prognosis, and subdural and epidural monitoring has been developed in order to evaluate this problem optimally. Monitoring of cerebral perfusion pressure (mean arterial pressure - endocraneal pressure) to assess brain flow is essential. Values of less than 40mmHg imply cerebral ischemia. In patients with cirrhosis encephalopathy has several stages, and sleep disturbances can present very early. Asterixis is a sensible but not specific sign and the classic "faetor hepaticus" is not frequent. Most of the time a precipitating factor can be identified: gastrointestinal bleeding, sedatives, iuremia, infections, constipation, high protein intake and hypokalemia, chronic porto-systemic encephalopathy is mainly related to spontaneous porto-systemic collaterals or surgically created shunts. The most important pathogenetic factors are: ammonia, glutamate, increase cerebral serotonine, increase GABA tone and recently the presence of endogenous benzodiazepines. New therapeutic modalities included the administration of flumazenil, vegetable protein, lactulose and sodium benzoate...